Viabilidade de Detecção de Balsas Garimpeiras
O Brasil pertence a um seleto grupo de países capazes de desenvolver, operar e utilizar satélites e seus dados. Nessa área o país pode se orgulhar, e muito, da posição que ocupa. Somos um dos países que melhor monitora seu território, em diferentes recortes do tempo e do espaço, atendendo a diferentes necessidades – seja da sociedade civil, academia ou do mercado financeiro.
Para tal, fazemos uso de satélites nacionais como o CBERS-4A e o AMAZÔNIA-1 (ambos desenvolvidos pelo INPE) e internacionais, sejam públicos (casos dos Landsats, da NASA, e dos Sentinels, da ESA) ou privados (como os nanossatélites da empresa Planet), isso para manter curta a lista de exemplos. Assim, não há muita coisa, que seja “relativamente grande”, que não se consiga observar do espaço, não no Brasil. Somos capazes, portanto, de observar balsas garimpeiras ao longo de um rio.
Para demonstrar essa capacidade de observação, vamos utilizar um único satélite, nacional, gratuito e com imagens disponíveis na internet, para verificar a situação do Rio Madeira, no trecho ao norte de Borba – AM. Esse satélite se chama CBERS-4A e disponibiliza, entre outras, imagens do território brasileiro com até 2 metros de resolução espacial. Trata-se do satélite público de maior resolução espacial do planeta.
Ao vasculhar suas imagens (Catalogo), encontraremos uma do dia 25 de Outubro de 2021, portanto, mais de 1 mês antes da operação deflagrada, em 27 de Novembro, para conter a mineração ilegal nas águas do Rio Madeira. No trecho em destaque do Rio Madeira, foi possível identificar 151 balsas garimpeiras, em 5 aglomerações, Figura 1.
Figura 1 – Imagem de 25 de Outubro de 2021, Satélite CBERS-4A, sensor WPM, imagem fusionada, composição verdadeira + banda Pan. Mais de 151 detecções de balsas garimpeiras, em 5 aglomerações, ao longo do rio Madeira.
Abaixo, na galeria de recortes da imagem WPM, pode-se observar em detalhe cada uma das 5 aglomerações de balsas garimpeiras. Clique sobre elas para ampliá-las.
Vale lembrar que essa demonstração da capacidade de detecção de balsas fez uso de um único sensor, do mundo óptico e de uso público/gratuito. A combinação de múltiplos sensores, de média e alta resolução, do espectro óptico e microondas, de satélites públicos e privados, melhoraria substancialmente a frequência de observação e a capacidade de monitoramento de balsas garimpeiras, mesmo em condições de intensa nebulosidade.
Mais além, em razão da estreita relação entre o domínio do contexto/espaço e a ação das balsas garimpeiras, outras inovações tecnológicas como o uso de classificadores de aprendizado profundo (Deep Learning), podem ser explorados para facilitar e automatizar a detecção da atividade garimpeira nos rios amazônicos e ampliar a compreensão dos impactos associados a essa atividade.
Por fim, e novamente, está claro que não nos falta informação, expertise, know-how, gabarito, conhecimento técnico e afins. No que tange ao Sensoriamento Remoto brasileiro e sua capacidade de desenvolver satélites, sensores e aplicações, somos lideranças globais, referências da forma de construir, disponibilizar e utilizar dados orbitais. Por outro lado, nosso quadro político é de qualidade inversa ao nosso quadro técnico-científico. Incapazes de enxergar o óbvio, nossos políticos afundam o país fragilizando cada vez mais a ciência, o clima, a biodiversidade e, por consequência, a economia brasileira. Não nos falta qualidade técnica, nos faltam políticos de qualidade!
Mais detalhes sobre a atividade garimpeira no rio Madeira, seu contexto, historico e detalhes técnicos podem ser vistos na nota técnica da Rede MapBiomas [NT – Garimpo no Rio Madeira].
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